应用ESPI研究水平热管的自然对流现象

本文应用 Vintens ESPI、全息干涉及新发展的 Video 的全息干涉技术,研究了水平热管的自然对流现象。介绍了这三种技术的光学系统,和关于气体温度场的测量原理和测量结果。与热电偶所测温度值比较,结果相当一致。文中还就可能的测量误差作了定性分析。     

HL-2M 装置扫频 ECE 测量系统研制

为了测量 HL-2M 装置中的电子温度剖面分布,研制了一套扫频电子回旋辐射(SECE)系统。该系统 能够测量装置中心纵场大小在 1.4~2.2T 时的等离子体电子温度。采用扫频外差接收的方式,径向空间分辨达到 2.5cm,时间分辨达到 1ms。接收机前端的准光学系统采用两级金属反射镜的配置,系统能够接收的最小极向光 斑的直径为 1.5cm（波数 k_θ<4.2rad·cm^-1）。系统的频带范围覆盖 33~110GHz,采用 VCO 作为本振源,双边带混频 输出中频信号。后端首次采用高性能对数检波器解调中频,能直接对-70dBm 的微弱信号进行检测,输入-输出工 作区间的动态范围达到 45dB 以上。在实验期间,成功测量到了等离子体中电子逃逸以及回旋辐射产生的信号。     

Temperature and current sensitivity extraction of optical superconducting transition-edge sensors based on a two-fluid model

Optical superconducting transition-edge sensor(TES) has been widely used in quantum information, biological imaging, and fluorescence microscopy owing to its high quantum efficiency, low dark count, and photon number resolving capability. The temperature sensitivity(α_I) and current sensitivity(β_I) are important parameters for optical TESs, which are generally extracted from the complex impedance. Here we present a method to extract α_I and β_I based on a twofluid model and compare the calculated current–voltage curves, pulse response, and theoretical energy resolution with the measured ones. This method shows qualitative agreement that is suitable for further optimization of optical TESs.     

Alpha particle detector with planar double Schottky contacts directly fabricated on semi-insulating GaN:Fe template

Alpha particle radiation detectors with planar double Schottky contacts (DSC) are directly fabricated on 5-μm-thick epitaxial semi-insulating (SI) GaN:Fe film with resistivity higher than 1×10⁸Ω·cm. Under 10 V bias, the detector exhibits a low dark current of less than 5.0×10^-11 A at room-temperature, which increases at higher temperatures. Linear behavior in the semi-log reverse current-voltage plot suggests that Poole-Frenkel emission is the dominant carrier leakage mechanism at high bias. Distinct double-peak characteristics are observed in the energy spectrum of alpha particles regardless of bias voltage. The energy resolution of the SI-GaN based detector is determined to be ～ 8.6% at the deposited energy of 1.209 MeV with a charge collection efficiency of ～ 81.7%. At a higher temperature of 90 ℃, the measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) rises to 235 keV with no shift of energy peak position, which proves that the GaN detector has potential to work stably in high temperature environment. This study provides a possible route to fabricate the low cost GaN-based alpha particle detector with reasonable performance.     

晶格畸变检测仪研究碳化硅晶片中位错缺陷分布

利用晶格畸变检测仪研究了SiC晶片位错分布情况,通过对熔融KOH腐蚀后的SiC晶片进行全片或局部扫描,从而得到完整SiC晶片或局部区域的位错分布。与LEXT OLS4000 3D激光共聚焦显微镜扫描腐蚀图进行比较,晶格畸变检测仪扫描腐蚀图可以将晶片上位错腐蚀坑信息完全呈现出来,且根据腐蚀坑呈现的颜色及尺寸大小,可以分辨出三种不同类型的穿透型位错,其中黑点腐蚀坑对应螺位错,小尺寸白点腐蚀坑对应刃位错,大尺寸白点腐蚀坑对应混合型位错。采用晶格畸变测试仪研究了4英寸(101.6 mm)N型4H-SiC晶体不同生长时期的位错密度及分布情况,结果表明随着晶体生长,位错密度呈现逐渐降低的趋势,生长后期晶片的总位错密度降为生长前期晶片总位错密度的近1/3,有利于反馈位错缺陷在SiC晶体生长过程中的延伸和转化特性信息,以指导SiC晶体生长工艺改进。     

Back to the future: A retrospective assessment of model‐based scenarios for the management of the shrimp fishery in French Guiana facing global change

While the number of models dedicated to predicting the consequences of alternative resource management strategies has increased, instances in which authors look back at past predictions to learn from discrepancies between these and observed developments are scarce. In the past decades, the French Guiana shrimp fishery has experienced shrimp market globalization and decreasing levels of shrimp recruitment due to environmental changes. In 2006, a bio‐economic model of this fishery was developed to simulate its possible responses to economic and environmental scenarios up to 2016. Here, we compare here these predictions to the observed trajectories. While the number of active vessels corresponds to that which was predicted, the estimated shrimp stock does not. Important driving factors had not been anticipated, including a general strike, natural disasters, and the end of the global financial crisis. These results show the importance of participative approaches involving stakeholders in the co‐construction and shared representation of scenarios. Recommendations for resource managers

• Effective fisheries resources management and a fortiori, the capacity of the fisheries to adapt to global change, requires understanding of both ecological and economics dynamics.
• The temporal trajectory of the trawling shrimp fisheries has been well monitored, and the decline of both stock and fleet is understood regarding ecological and economic changes: Changes in the environmental conditions of shrimp recruitment, and oil price increase and selling price decrease.
• However, our bio‐economic modeling work showed that, even with a good understanding of the dynamics explaining past trajectories, unpredictable events (strike, natural disasters…) have acted as other key driving factors altering the capacity of the model to represent possible futures.
• These results led us to recommend a better integration of the expertise of social and political scientists in developing models of bio‐economic systems to increase the quality of scenario predictions, and to argue for more participative approaches involving the stakeholders.

     

Solvent selection in ultrasonic-assisted emulsification microextraction: Comparison between high- and low-density solvents by means of novel type of extraction vessel

There are numerous published reports about dispersive liquid phase microextraction of the wide range of substances, however, till now no broadly accepted systematic and purpose oriented selection of extraction solvent has been proposed. Most works deal with the optimization of available solvents without adequate pre-consideration of properness. In this study, it is tried to compare the performances of low- and high-density solvents at the same conditions by means of novel type of extraction vessel with head and bottom conical shape. Extraction efficiencies of seven basic pharmaceutical compounds using eighteen common organic solvents were studied in this work. It was much easier to work with high-density solvents and they mostly showed better performances. This work shows that although exact predicting the performance of the solvents is multifaceted case but the pre-consideration of initial selection of solvents with attention to the physiochemical properties of the desired analytes is feasible and promising. Finally, the practicality of the method for extraction from urine and plasma samples was investigated.     

Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for Roflumilast and its degradation products

Roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor that is administered orally as a long-term, in the clinical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Launched in 2010 for the European market, it currently does not have an official monograph. Here, a reproducible gradient RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the separation and determination of Roflumilast in the presence of its six major degradation products. Separation was performed on a C₁₈ analytical column (250?×?4.6?mm, 5?µm) with a mobile phase-A of ACN and a phase-B of ammonium acetate buffer (5?mM, pH 4.2) containing triethylamine (0.5% v/v). The most effective RP-HPLC gradient program was determined to be 0/80, 35/10, 36/80, 40/80 (time in minutes/% mobile phase-B). The flow rate was 1.0?ml/min and the column temperature was 25°C. The success of separation of the degradation products with different chemical characteristics was obtained by extending the time of the gradient, changing the proportion of the mobile phases and increasing the velocity of the flow. Two detectors were evaluated for the identification of degradation products and Roflumilast: a diode-arrary detector and a charged aerosol detector. The inability of the charged aerosol detector to dectect one of the six degradation products indicated that the method developed with RP-HPLC and the diode-array detector was more suitable for Roflumilast analysis. The method was validated according to specificity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, precision and robustness.     

Curvilinear smoothed particle hydrodynamics

We suggest a new set of equations to employ smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in a curvilinear space, and we refer to it as curvSPH. In classical SPH, the horizontal and vertical resolution of discretization is supposed to be equal for fluid particles. However, curvSPH makes the horizontal and vertical resolutions independent from each other. This is performed by transformation of physical space into an appropriate computational space with a different scale in horizontal and vertical directions. Solving a problem using SPH in a curvilinear space also provides capability to model curved boundaries as straight lines. In classical SPH, special care is needed to reach a uniform mass distribution along curved boundaries; however, producing uniform mass distribution along a line using curvSPH is straight forward. Different simulations, including simulation of a flip bucket are performed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. Good agreement of results with experimental data and classical SPH confirms the capabilities of curvSPH. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.